How do I convert 255.255.255.0 to binary by hand?
Each 255 octet is eight 1s: 11111111. The trailing 0 octet is 00000000. So 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000.
Why is each IPv4 octet 8 bits?
IPv4 is a 32-bit address divided into four equal 8-bit fields for human readability. Each octet ranges from 0 to 255.
What is the highest power of 2 needed for /24?
A /24 uses 24 mask bits and 8 host bits. The highest host-bit value is 2^7 = 128. The full host range is 2^8 = 256 addresses.
How does binary subnetting speed up subnet math?
Once you can read binary octets at a glance, network and broadcast become trivial: AND with the mask for network, OR with the inverted mask for broadcast.